Sunday, September 15, 2013

Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis


Tom Kryspin

            The novel, Last Letter of Jacopo Ortis, explores the life Jacopo as told in letters written by Jacopo. The letters were compiled by Ugo Foscolo as a way to tell the life of Jacopo Ortis.
            Throughout the book Jacopo pours out his feelings and thoughts in many letters. The reader is able to capture the hardships he has had and the life that he lived. From the start he was destined to live a life of sorrow and disappointment as he never believed in happiness and set his sights for disappointment. Early in the novel on page 20 he writes, “And with that angelic creature born to love and be loved? And so unhappy at the same time! And I am always so completely at one with those who are unhappy, because – truly – there is something wicked in a man who is thriving.” With this statement he reveals that he believes that in general man should not be happy and he connects to those who are not. Also, this statement provides a guide for Jacopo in his life that he will be full of disappointments and sorrows, as he believes there is no area for him to thrive in life.
            However, throughout the novel Jacopo explores contrary ideas to his very own. On page 88 in a letter to Lorenzo he says, “But you, I beg you, live as happily as you can.” This line from Jacopo shows how he does have conflicting ideas in his life and is somewhat of a paradox. In the beginning he thinks a man is wicked for thriving in life but later on he wants his friend Lorenzo to be happy and thriving. This conflicting life of Jacopo may be the cause of his life of sorrow and disappointment. 

The Heart of Life

            In a recent Management Fellows lecture, Jeanne Fuqua, the CEO of a large company, told us college students that the heart is essential to life. She stressed the importance of allowing one’s heart to inspire visions and to guide one’s life choices. Many people try to use their minds to lead them through life, but they often end up torn between what their mind tells them and what their heart tells them. Fuqua emphasized following what the heart tells you, and in Foscolo’s Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis, the reader can see the immense role that the heart plays for Jacopo.
            From the very beginning, Jacopo shows his awareness that his heart’s desires are a driving force in his life. Jacopo tells Lorenzo, “you have often heard me exclaim that everything depends on the heart!” (Foscolo 28). His heart drives him toward Teresa, and he continues to notion that his heart aches for her. Although he cannot be with her, his heart is the piece of him that just cannot seem to let go of her. Whenever Jacopo seems to be doing better, he will display the internal pain, as shown when he writes, “Now why is it that on such occasions my heart is sometimes peaceful and sometimes so stormy?” (Foscolo 52). Instead of experiencing mental anxiety or sadness, Jacopo truly feels the pain within his heart, especially since most of it is related to Teresa. He writes to Lorenzo something that he told Teresa, “‘Everything is love,’ I said. ‘The universe is nothing but love!’” (Foscolo 56). As a result of Jacopo believing that there is nothing else but love, he suffers and goes through a period of extreme sorrow. What Jacopo cannot have, he holds in his heart. Even his beloved country that he had to leave is a cause of despair, and he describes, “Rome will always be in my heart” (Foscolo 114).
            Jacopo’s heart comes to represent a source of longing and melancholy, as he seems to love all of the things that he cannot have. He loves his mother, his country, his friends, and Teresa, yet cannot have these as a part of his life due to other factors. He begins to hate life, and Foscolo shows that the heart is his source of life and that if he chose death, he would be hurting his heart. At a point of despair, Jacopo writes, “I test the point of this dagger. I clutch this dagger, and smile. Here, right in this throbbing heart- and it will all be finished” (Foscolo 125). As he tells Teresa of his plans of death and describes how he cannot handle living anymore, he speaks of how strongly his heart was attached to her, saying, “my heart believed you were all mine” (Foscolo 129). The struggle between his heart and his mind became too much for Jacopo. He even notes this, and after discussing and alluding philosophers, he says, “And yet so many times all these reasonable arguments have found no way into my heart” (Foscolo 108).
            Other characters see how strong Jacopo’s heart is. Lorenzo overhears Teresa saying, “‘But his heart cannot change,’” and she is right in noting how strong and gripping his heart is. She can sense the love that Jacopo has for her and she loved him from her heart too. Teresa did not follow her heart, she followed what her father told her and what she thought was best in her mind. Jacopo may have gotten this notion of speaking from the heart from his mother, since his mother tells Lorenzo “my heart tells me that we shall not see him ever again” as Jacopo is saying goodbye to his mother (Foscolo 131).
            Jeanne Fuqua knows the power of the heart, and reading Foscolo’s work shows how the heart has always been a compelling part of human life. As seen through Jacopo’s journey, humans listen to what their hearts tell them, but find it difficult to balance what the heart wants and what is actually attainable.


Works Cited
Foscolo, Ugo. Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis. London: Hesperus, 2002. Print.

Illusion in Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis

            In Ugo Foscolo’s book, Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis, there is an evident theme of illusion. The protagonist, Jacopo Ortis, states that, “everything, everything that exists for men is only their fantasy. . . We construct reality in our own image. . . Our passions are in the last analysis only the consequence of our illusions” (Foscolo 61). This quote defines Ortis’s perception of life. Ortis proposes that men create illusions to bear the burdens of everyday living. Everything man feels is only a fantasy he created to fuel his desire to live and to give him a purpose. He continues to suggest that humans construct their reality based off of their inner feelings and inner selves; one constructs his own unique reality based on his individual fantasies. Lastly, he states that passions are a direct result of illusions.
            Ortis, a young, patriotic, scholar, is ruled and dominated by his passionate personality. He falls madly in love with Teresa, a beautiful woman engaged to another man. However, Ortis’s passion is not quenched by these boundaries. On the contrary, he associates Teresa with the divine, always thinking of her as “a heavenly creature” and “(his) angel” (Foscolo 21; Foscolo 138). He states that, “if I agreed to tear this veil away from my eyes, I should have to close them straightaway in everlasting sleep, for without this angelic light, life to me would be terror, the world a chaos” (Foscolo 50). Teresa has become the purpose of his life. He is searching for God and a promise of eternal life, and he finds this promise in Teresa. As God is a refuge for his followers, Teresa has become Jacopo’s refuge. He is afraid of nothingness and the void after death, but with Teresa he is able to believe in eternal love and eternal life. He wholeheartedly believes in the infinite love between himself and Teresa, and he reveres her over God, saying, “I have never adored (God) as I adore Teresa. Blasphemy! She, equal to God? . . . Everything is chaos, everything vanishes, and everything turns to nothing. God becomes incomprehensible to me, and Teresa is always before me” (Foscolo 71).

            Without Teresa, Ortis believes “everything turns to nothing” (Foscolo 71). He is frustrated, because, he does not truly believe in God’s omnipotence and, therefore, he does not wholeheartedly believe in God’s promise of life after death. However, after Teresa marries her fiancĂ©, Ortis wonders, “is it indeed true that this image of a heavenly angel exists here, in this vile world, among us? And I suspect that I may have fallen in love with a creature of my imagination” (Foscolo 63). Ortis realizes that Teresa was an illusion of divinity. She cannot satisfy his craving for spiritual fulfillment on this earth, for they must be separated.  His passion for her, as he stated earlier, was “only the consequence of (his) illusions” (Foscolo 61). With these illusions expelled and his passions quieted, he commits suicide. Without illusions, Ortis cannot construct his own reality, and he believes there is only nothingness (Foscolo 61).

The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis



Kendall Weinert

The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis

In Ugo Foscolo’s novel, The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis, Foscolo discusses the idea of love and its boundaries. Throughout the novel, Jacopo knows very well that he cannot be with the one love in his life that makes him truly happy, Teresa, because of her fiancĂ© Odoardo. Even though Teresa wants to love Jacopo she knows she cannot because Odoardo promises her family wealth and happiness and he cannot. Jacopo has committed his life to loving Teresa and only Teresa. “And who would not love her, even though unhappy?” (Foscolo 63) This quote shows that even if he is unhappy or in pain he will still want to be with her.
            As the novel carries on, Jacopo is still in love with Teresa. Jacopo knows he cannot have Teresa, but once again refuses to give up hope. He wants her to love him as much as he loves her even if he cannot offer what Odoardo can provide. He states, “if you cannot be my bride, will you at least be my companion to the tomb.” (Foscolo 63) At the end of the novel, Jacopo has finally come to the realization that he will never be with Teresa. He knows that it will never work out and that there is in fact a boundary that cannot be crossed. Once Jacopo realizes this he decides to write a letter to Teresa that confesses everything and stab his heart because it cannot be given to her. In the letter he states, “You will lament our love which was useless and sad like...the dead.” (Foscolo 134) After he finishes the letter, he carries threw with his plan to stab his heart in agony. In this process he missed his heart and stabs himself just below it and bleeds to death. Jacopo was so compassionate that he could no longer live without having Teresa in his life.



Works Cited
Foscolo, Ugo. Last letters of Jacopo Ortis. London: Hesperus, 2002. Print.